Constitution

Hate Speech vs. Free Speech: A Constitutional and Legal balancing Act

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Published On: October 7th 2025 Authored By: Pakhi Tandon Christ (Deemed to be University), Pune Lavasa Abstract This paper examines the clash between hate speech restrictions and free speech protections in constitutional democracies, comparatively in India and the United States. Both countries are founded on free speech protections, but the U.S. First Amendment enjoys near-absolute […]

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Hate Speech vs. Free Speech: A Constitutional and Legal Balancing Act

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Published On: October 7th 2025 Authored By: Ishika Aggarwal Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Management Studies Abstract Freedom of speech is often called the backbone of a democracy1 — but what happens when that very freedom starts being used to divide rather than to express? In recent years, India has seen a surge in hate speech

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Hate Speech vs. Free Speech: A Constitutional and Legal Balancing Act in India

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Published On: October 7th 2025 Authored By: Saksham Rai Law Centre 2, Delhi University 1. Introduction The interplay between hate speech and free speech presents a fundamental challenge in constitutional democracies, particularly in plural societies such as India. The Constitution of India enshrines freedom of speech and expression under Article 19(1)(a), but this right is

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HATE SPEECH VS. FREE SPEECH

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Published On: October 7th 2025 Authored By: Ananya Karan Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Management Studies, GGSIPU ABSTRACT India’s Constitution provides for freedom of speech and expression under Article 19(1)(a) while allowing for “reasonable restrictions” in Article 19(2) in the case of sovereignty, public order, decency, and several other concerns. Hate speech, defined as expressions that

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Golden justice scales on a desk beside a laptop, symbolizing law and balance.

Samir Agrawal v. Competition Commission of India & Ors.

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Published on: 07th October 2025 Authored by: Anisha Raghav G. D. Goenka University Citation: Civil Appeal No. 3100 of 2020, Supreme Court of India, decided on 15 December 2020. Court: Supreme Court of India Bench: Justice R.F. Nariman, Justice K.M. Joseph Date of Judgment: 15 December 2020 Relevant Provisions Section 19(1)(a), Competition Act, 2002 (information

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