Published On: 28th February, 2024
Authored By: Maithili S
SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur
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ABSTRACT:
In the realm of legal proceedings, sexual assault cases pose intricate challenges that demand meticulous consideration. While much attention is often focused on the perspective of the accuser, this article delves into the realm of defense strategies employed in cases of sexual assault. The presumption of innocence, a foundational principle, shapes defense tactics, requiring critical examination of legal frameworks and alternative approaches. The burden of proof, predominantly borne by the prosecution, underscores the importance of a cautious approach before adjudicating guilt. Cross-examination serves as a pivotal tool in assessing witness credibility, though it also presents challenges, particularly in cases of sexual assault, where re-traumatization of the accuser is a concern. The concept of consent and the significance of evidence reform further illuminate the complexities inherent in sexual assault cases. Alternative approaches, including trauma-informed court proceedings and enhanced witness support, offer promising avenues for improving the fairness and efficacy of legal processes. Ultimately, striking a balance between protecting the rights of the accused and supporting survivors is imperative in shaping a justice system that reflects evolving societal values. This article advocates for a comprehensive reevaluation of existing frameworks to ensure equitable treatment for all involved parties in sexual assault cases.
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INTRODUCTION:
In the world of courts and justice, sexual assault cases are like puzzle pieces that need careful handling. We often hear about the side of the person who reports the assault, but what about the other side? This article takes a closer look at what defense lawyers do when someone is accused of sexual assault. It’s a tricky topic, and we’ll explore the strategies they use in the courtroom. In the legal world, there’s a basic idea that everyone is innocent until proven guilty. That’s the starting point for the defense side of things. We want to understand how defense lawyers deal with the serious accusations in a fair way. This journey will guide us through their methods, from checking if the accuser’s story holds up to questioning the overall picture painted in the courtroom. It’s essential to approach this topic with care because sexual assault is a serious matter that affects everyone involved. By looking at the defense side, we hope to get a better grasp of the challenges in the pursuit of fairness and justice in these tough situations.
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PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE UNDER FIRE:
In the realm of legal proceedings, the presumption of innocence is a cornerstone principle that underscores the idea that every person is considered innocent until proven guilty. In simpler terms, when someone is accused of a crime, the law starts by assuming they haven’t done anything wrong. It places the burden on the prosecution, the side that’s making the accusations, to prove the person’s guilt.
Imagine you’re playing a game, and at the beginning, everyone is treated as if they haven’t broken any rules. That’s a bit like the presumption of innocence in a legal setting. It’s a fair starting point that acknowledges the importance of being cautious before deciding that someone is guilty of a crime.
This principle is not just a legal technicality; it reflects a deeply rooted value in many legal systems around the world. It’s a way to ensure that the power of the state is used responsibly and that individuals are given a fair chance to defend themselves against accusations.
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PRESUMPTION SHAPING THE DEFENCE STRATEGY:
In cases involving sexual offenses, this presumption shapes the defense strategy by necessitating the prosecution to establish the absence of consent beyond a reasonable doubt. The accused is not obligated to demonstrate their innocence; instead, it is the prosecution’s duty to substantiate the guilt. Consequently, the defense can concentrate on challenging the evidence and arguments presented by the prosecution, rather than being compelled to prove the accused’s innocence. However, in specific instances, the burden of proof may shift to the accused if the prosecution successfully establishes a prima facie case against them. In such situations, the accused must present evidence to counter the prosecution’s case.
Yet, as legal proceedings unfold, the dynamics shift. Once the prosecution successfully establishes guilt, the burden of proof transitions to the defense side, aligning with Section 105 of the Indian Evidence Act. This shift prompts the defense to present evidence—be it the application of general or special exceptions in the Indian Penal Code or producing corroborative evidence—to defend against the charges.
In essence, the delicate dance between innocence and guilt in sexual assault cases necessitates a meticulous adherence to legal principles, ensuring a balance between protecting the rights of the accused and seeking justice for victims.[i]
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IMPORTANCE OF THE PRESUMPTION:
In the landscape of sexual offense cases, the severity of punishments, ranging from the death penalty to life imprisonment, underscores the critical importance of careful and meticulous consideration before labeling someone as an offender. The repercussions extend far beyond legal consequences, permeating the fabric of an individual’s life—tarnishing reputation, inducing social isolation, and eroding trust.
This stringent environment is shaped by the awareness that false allegations, driven by various motivations, can bring irreversible harm. Instances exist where individuals exploit the sympathetic view toward victims of sexual assault, potentially leading to unwarranted accusations. It is against this backdrop that the legal principle “innocent until proven guilty” holds profound significance.
The burden of proof, predominantly shouldered by the prosecution, reflects a safeguarding mechanism. National Crime Records Bureau reports indicate that almost 75% of rape cases ultimately prove to be false allegations[1]. Upholding the innocence of the defense side, with exceptions in certain cases, underscores the foundational principle of fairness.
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FEW POSSIBLE DEFENCES
6.1. CROSS-EXAMINATION AND CREDIBILITY:
In legal proceedings, defense attorneys employ cross-examination to ensure the credibility of statements made by witnesses, including the accuser. This tactic serves as a crucial element for both sides in presenting a compelling version of the events. When faced with two equally powerful narratives, cross-examination becomes pivotal in revealing weaknesses on the opposing side.
In numerous sexual assault cases, evidence may be lacking, such as CCTV footage, videos, contact history, forensic proof, visible injuries, and witnesses for both the accuser and the accused. In these situations, the accuser’s words become a primary source of evidence, and when the defense lawyer demonstrates a lack of credibility in these statements, it significantly weakens the ability of prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused person. The defense lawyer uses cross-examination to identify dishonest or faulty statements, exaggerated events, lies, statements with malicious intent, and unlawful omissions in the accuser’s and their witnesses’ testimonies.
Through cross-examination, defense lawyers also uncover inconsistencies in the testimonies of two or more witnesses. These disparities indicate that statements made by one or more of the witnesses are false and intended to mislead the case. Cross-examination further exposes inconsistencies between the accuser’s and witness’s current statements and their previously presented statements through the process of impeachment. Such inconsistencies reveal a lack of truth in the statements, as the truth remains consistent over time.
It’s important to note that minor inconsistencies may not impact material facts, and witnesses may forget certain details. However, if they struggle to remember many facts, their reliability as evidence diminishes.[2]
6.1.2. CHALLENGES IN CROSS EXAMINATION:
Cross-examination, while not the most effective tool for identifying falsehoods, poses numerous challenges, especially in cases of sexual assault. The defense lawyers, during cross-examination, risk retraumatising the accuser. Their probing questions regarding the details of the assault incident further entangle the emotional state of the accuser, potentially plunging the accused back into depression as they attempt to overcome the traumatic experience.
These defense strategies may involve character assassination, particularly detrimental for an accuser already grappling with a tarnished reputation in society. Through cross-examination, lawyers sometimes attempt to shift blame onto the victim by focusing on clothing, past relationships, or personal behavior, perpetuating harmful stereotypes about survivors.
Moreover, cross-examination instills a sense of intimidation in the accuser, placed in an unfamiliar environment and subjected to harsh questioning by lawyers in a familiar setting. This environment fosters fear and distress in the accuser.
6.2. ALIBI:
An alibi serves as a defense, asserting that the accused was in a different location when the alleged crime occurred, supported by evidence and witnesses. This defense gains strength as it implies that if the offender wasn’t present at the scene during the alleged sexual offense, they couldn’t have committed the assault.
Defense lawyers employ various methods to establish an alibi. This may involve presenting witnesses who can testify to the presence of accused in another location during the assault. Additionally, alibis can be supported by receipts (such as those from restaurants or movie tickets), bus fare tickets, CCTV footage, phone call recordings, and text messages confirming the alternative location of the accused. Alibis can be substantiated by disproving evidence or pointing out inconsistencies in the prosecution witnesses’ statements that depict the location history of the accused[3].
However, the strategies employed by defense lawyers vary based on the circumstances, and their effectiveness is contingent on the specifics of each case. For instance, in Phool Singh v. State of Madhya Pradesh[4], the lower courts dismissed the plea of alibi made by the offender, deeming it false.
6.3. CONCEPT OF CONSENT:
Only when it occurs without the victim’s consent, sexual activity becomes a sexual assault. Explanation 2 of section 375 define consent as “Consent means an unequivocal voluntary agreement when the woman by words, gestures or any form of verbal or non-verbal communication, communicates willingness to participate in the specific sexual act”. The defense may center its argument around the concept of consent, contending that the sexual activity was consensual – meaning it occurred with the freely given consent of the accuser, without any coercion or fraudulent activity.
The defense might support the assertion of the victim’s consent by referencing the victim’s behavior, clothing, the absence of vocal objection or refusal, or the lack of visible signs of injury.
However, if the consent is obtained due to fear or apprehension, it is not considered free consent. For instance, if the victim consents out of fear of abuse of power by a police official leading to wrongful confinement, it does not qualify as free consent. In the case of Tuka Ram And Anr v. State Of Maharashtra[5], the high court ruled that mere passive submission does not equate to free consent. Despite the Supreme Court later overturning the high court judgment, this prompted several amendments in Indian sexual offenses law. Section 114(A) was added to the Indian Evidence Act, establishing that the court will presume the absence of consent in rape cases, placing the burden of proof on the defense to establish the presence of free consent.
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CHALLENGES OF VICTIM:
In the pursuit of upholding due process and safeguarding the fundamental and legal rights of the accused, defense strategies often fall short in delivering justice for victims. This deficiency places a significant burden on both the victims and the prosecution, manifesting in the following ways:
7.1. EVIDENCE CHALLENGES
Sexual offense cases frequently encounter a dearth of evidence, such as the absence of DNA traces, a lack of visible injury marks, and the scarcity of witnesses or CCTV footage, particularly in instances occurring in isolated areas. These deficiencies expose the prosecution to vulnerabilities during cross-examination, making it arduous to establish the crime beyond reasonable doubt.
7.2. UNDERREPORTING ISSUSES
Numerous sexual crimes go unreported as victims hesitate to step forward, driven by feelings of shame, fear, and societal stigma. Even when victims do come forward, witnesses may withhold the truth to avoid involvement in cases associated with societal taboos, such as rape or sexual offenses. Consequently, prosecutors contend with a limited pool of cases and witnesses, impeding their ability to establish guilt.
7.3. VICTIM BLAMING
Society often places blame on the victim, perpetuating myths surrounding rape. Commentaries on the victim’s attire, character, and behavior extend into legal proceedings, exacerbating challenges for the prosecution. Defense tactics may introduce doubts about the victim’s credibility and memory, causing emotional distress and further victimization.
7.4. EMOTIONAL TOLL
The probing questions from defense lawyers and societal comments force victims to relive the traumatic events, compelling them to recall distressing details. This revisitation takes a severe emotional toll on the victim, necessitating careful handling of this sensitivity by the prosecutor during case presentation.
In addressing these challenges, legal proceedings should be cognizant of the emotional impact on victims and work towards a more balanced and compassionate approach to ensure justice prevails while upholding the rights of the accused.
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ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES:
Rather than just constraining the defense, emphasizing remedies such as trauma-informed court proceedings, enhanced support for witnesses, and sensitivity training for legal professionals can markedly improve the experience for survivors while upholding due process principles. Collaborative endeavors to tackle the societal factors contributing to sexual assault are equally vital in preventing future incidents.
8.1. IMPLEMENTING TRAUMA-INFORMED APPROACHES IN COURTROOMS
Promote specialized training for legal professionals, judges, and court staff to adopt trauma-informed practices. This involves establishing a more serene and supportive atmosphere for survivors, employing clear and empathetic language, and steering clear of re-traumatizing practices, such as repetitive questioning[6].
Endorse initiatives advocating for designated courtrooms specifically for sexual assault cases, equipped with amenities like separate entrances and waiting areas for both the accused and the survivor.
Explore the possibility of utilizing pre-recorded video testimonies to reduce the necessity for survivors to recount the assault in an open court setting.
8.2. STRENGTHENED WITNESS SUPPORT AND ACCOUNTABILITY
Promote robust systems for supporting witnesses, including the provision of dedicated advocates or counselors, to aid in preparing and empowering witnesses throughout the legal proceedings.
Highlight the significance of witness credibility and acknowledge the potential for false or mistaken memories, particularly in high-pressure situations.
Propose more stringent guidelines for witness testimony, potentially introducing rules for “fresh complaints” to ensure prompt reporting and consistency in accounts.
8.3. REFORMATION OF EVIDENCE PROTOCOLS AND EMPHASIS ON CONSENT
Champion endeavors to restrict the admissibility of irrelevant or prejudicial evidence, especially evidence involving victim-blaming or the survivor’s past sexual history.
Advocate for a shift in focus from “lack of consent” to affirmative consent models, requiring the prosecution to demonstrate that consent was freely and knowingly given.
Promote mandatory consent education programs in schools and communities to foster a broader understanding of consent and healthy relationships.
8.4. ADDRESSING FUNDAMENTAL SOCIETAL ISSUES
Acknowledge the correlation between societal factors such as gender inequality, victim-blaming, and sexual assault. Advocate for comprehensive initiatives that tackle these underlying problems, including the promotion of gender equality, healthy relationships, and bystander intervention programs.
Support increased funding for prevention programs and campaigns raising awareness about sexual assault to educate the public on consent, healthy relationships, and reporting procedures.
Encourage open dialogues challenging societal norms and advocating responsible masculinity to proactively prevent future offenses.
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CONCLUSION:
In contemplating whether a defense in a sexual assault case can genuinely be considered “just,” the issue unfolds as intricate and layered, presenting compelling arguments from various perspectives. The debate underscores the need for a thoughtful societal deliberation on the delicate balance between safeguarding the rights of the accused and providing essential support to survivors of sexual assault. A thorough scrutiny of the existing legal framework, coupled with the exploration of alternative approaches, serves as a pivotal step toward forging a justice system that is not only more just but also more equitable for all stakeholders involved. As we navigate this nuanced terrain, collective efforts to reshape our approach to these cases can contribute to a legal system that reflects our evolving understanding of justice.
Reference(s):
[1] ‘FALSE RAPE ALLEGATIONS AGAINST MEN IN INDIA by Shehryar Edibam – JOURNAL FOR LAW STUDENTS AND RESEARCHERS’ <https://www.jlsrjournal.in/false-rape-allegations-against-men-in-india-by-shehryar-edibam/> accessed 26 January 2024.
[2]seoplus-admin, ‘Cross-Examination in Domestic and Sexual Assault Trials’ (Weisberg Law, 19 February 2016) <https://www.weisberg.ca/cross-examination-in-domestic-and-sexual-assault-trials/> accessed 24 January 2024.
[3] ‘Sexual Assault Defenses’ (Findlaw) <https://www.findlaw.com/criminal/criminal-charges/sexual-assault-defenses.html> accessed 24 January 2024.
[4] Phool Singh v. State of Madhya Pradesh (2021) 5 SCC 596
[5] Tuka Ram And Anr vs State Of Maharashtra 1979 SCC (2) 143
[6] Nicole C McKenna and Kristy Holtfreter, ‘Trauma-Informed Courts: A Review and Integration of Justice Perspectives and Gender Responsiveness’ (2021) 30 Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 450.
