Legal Articles

The Protection Gap: Non-Refoulement in the Climate Era

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Published On: 7th October 2026 Authored By: Ola Abdelwahab Ain Shams University Abstract The cross-border displacement caused by environmental disaster and slow-onset sea-level rise constitutes one of the biggest challenges in legal and human rights terms that the world faces in the twenty-first century[1]. Even as the frequency of climate-induced migration increases, individuals fleeing environmental […]

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Beyond Normative Consensus: The Enforcement Mechanics and Causation Challenges of Upstream Fossil Fuel Regulation Post-2025

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Published On: 7th October 2026 Authored By: Ola Abdelwahab Ain Shams University Abstract In the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on the Obligations of States in Respect of Climate Change of July 23, 2025, the key moment was explicitly enshrined when the Court made state obligation to regulate the emissions of

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THE MAPUTO PROTOCOL AND THE PROTECTION OF WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN AFRICA: AN EXAMINATION OF THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE PROTOCOL HAS TRANSFORMED THE REGIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS FRAMEWORK FOR WOMEN IN AFRICA

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Published On: 7th October 2026 Authored By: Oladejo Morayo Amarachi Lead City University ABSTRACT Although the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights guarantees fundamental rights and prohibits discrimination, its provisions are expressed largely in general terms and do not acknowledge the specific forms of discrimination, violence and disadvantage faced by women in Africa. The

THE MAPUTO PROTOCOL AND THE PROTECTION OF WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN AFRICA: AN EXAMINATION OF THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE PROTOCOL HAS TRANSFORMED THE REGIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS FRAMEWORK FOR WOMEN IN AFRICA Read More »

A SUCCINCT ANALYSIS OF THE AGREEMENT UNDER THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA ON THE CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF MARINE BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF AREAS BEYOND NATIONAL JURISDICTION (BBNJ AGREEMENT)

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Published On: 7th October 2026 Authored By: Oladejo Morayo Amarachi Lead City University ABSTRACT This Paper examines a recent development in international law known as the Agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ agreement).

A SUCCINCT ANALYSIS OF THE AGREEMENT UNDER THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA ON THE CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF MARINE BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF AREAS BEYOND NATIONAL JURISDICTION (BBNJ AGREEMENT) Read More »

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